If you’ve ever heard the term multiple myeloma and thought it sounded complicated, you’re not alone. It’s not a cancer that’s often in the spotlight, but for the people living with it, and

their loved ones, it’s very real.

What is Multiple Myeloma?

Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that starts in plasma cells, the white blood cells responsible for helping the body fight infections. When these cells become cancerous, they multiply uncontrollably, crowding out healthy blood cells and producing abnormal proteins that can damage the bones, kidneys, and immune system.

In Jamaica, multiple myeloma is the third most common blood cancer, according to 2022 Global Cancer Observatory statistics. Medical oncologist and consultant haematologist Dr. Jodie Taylor explains that it is less commonly discussed than cancers such as breast or prostate cancer, partly because it is less common and is often diagnosed in older adults.

The Signs and Symptoms

Multiple myeloma can have an asymptomatic phase, during which patients may have no noticeable symptoms and may not require immediate treatment. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include persistent bone pain (particularly in the back or ribs), fatigue, frequent infections, unexplained weight loss, numbness or weakness in the legs, and excessive thirst.

Sometimes, these signs get mistaken for ‘just getting older’ or ‘overdoing it at work’, which is why it is so important to pay attention to them and speak to your general practitioner if you’re experiencing them.  

What Causes It?

The exact cause of multiple myeloma is unknown. However, known risk factors include being over 60 years old, male, having a family history of the disease, or having certain plasma cell disorders. Like many cancers, it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

How is it Diagnosed?

Diagnosis often begins with routine blood tests that reveal abnormalities. Further testing may include blood and urine tests to detect abnormal proteins, bone marrow biopsies, and imaging studies such as X-rays, MRIs, or CT scans to assess bone damage. Early detection improves disease management and outcomes.

Treatment Options

Although there is no cure for multiple myeloma, treatment can slow progression, control symptoms, and improve quality of life. Options include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and, for some patients, bone marrow transplantation. Treatment plans depend on individual factors, including transplant eligibility.

Support from the NHF

In Jamaica, treatment costs can be eased through the National Health Fund. Multiple myeloma is now covered under the NHFCard, which provides subsidies for chemotherapy drugs. Dr. Taylor encourages those diagnosed to seek prompt care from a haematologist or oncologist and notes that local support groups are also available. Understanding the disease is a critical step toward effective treatment and support.